The ability to assertible nanoparticles (NPs) into desired patterns. in a controlled fashion is crucial for the study. of collective properties and for the fabrication of a variety of devices. Drying mediated assembly directed by a template provides a facile route for organizing NPs in predefined patterns. We utilize the. branched topographical landscapes displayed by partially crystallized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) films as a generic template for studying. the drying mediated organization of dodecanethiol- and polystyrene thiol-protected gold NPs (Au-DT and Au-PS), and explore the combined effects of NP size and ligand, concentration, and spin rate on the distribution. of NPs inside the channels. We Show how NP concentration and the spin rate applied during NP deposition can be used to influence the tendency of NPs either to fill channel uniformly or to localize near the channel edges, explain the important role of the enhanced aggregation tendency of larger NPs on the resulting morphologies, and demonstrate how this tendency can be tuned by the proper choice Of ligands. The different effects are explained in the context of possible scenarios of drying mediated assembly by analyzing the relevant interactions and forces acting on the NPs during solvent evaporation.
This essay argues that Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame de Paris rescues Gothic buildings that still existed in France from destruction by transforming them into national symbols. Through his novel, he transforms the people who were their greatest threat - from a restive mob into a nation - by inserting them and their ancestors into the narrative of French history. Hugo saw destruction of castles and churches in France in the wake of the Revolution and became convinced that these first and easiest targets of political unrest were also irreplaceable witnesses to important events right up to his own uneasy present. Their disappearance meant the loss of part of the historical record, gaps in collective memory, and the loss of a corresponding part of the national identity. The 1830s, when Notre Dame de Paris was published, political debate turned to how to end the cycle of revolution and restoration in which the French seemed locked. What sort of government was France to have? How was French society to be organised? By whom were such decisions to be made? Hugo's novel answers these questions by turning the attention of a wide readership to a distant, non-controversial past in order to construct an image of France and its people that everyone could endorse, one that combines the best qualities of all people, regardless of faction or ideology. United and possessing political will and real power to effect change, they are the French nation centuries before the idea of nation. The writing and publication of this novel, then, is an act of architectural restoration, recovery of a lost world, and creation of national myth rooted in the "Gothic" past-a literary restoration of the buildings of the ancien régime, even as his it underscores the impossibility and undesirability of the restoration of Bourbon absolutism. Hugo showed post-Revolutionary France how to make sense of their recent past as periodically recurring upheaval in modern guise, not as catastrophe to be explained away or denied. The publication of his novel marks a novelist's insertion of himself into what his contemporaries often saw as an essentially political debate. Hugo presents French identity as a collective project driven by people's intellectual engagement with their culture and with a past they have never really considered their own. By including a mass readership in the process of defining French identity, Hugo's novel could extend Revolution into the realm of civil discourse - and, perhaps, remove it from the streets.
June 2012: Nicola Minott-Ahl is Assistant Professor in the Department of English and Comparative Literature and the Media and Society Program at Hobart & William Smith Colleges in Geneva, New York. She teaches and writes on Adaptation Studies and British and French Literature of the long nineteenth century. Her particular fields of interest include historical fiction and the connection between architecture and novels that develops in early to mid-nineteenth century England and post-Revolutionary France. Her interest in the close connection between the visual arts and the printed word led to her exploration of the problematic relationship between film adaptations and their source texts. She is the author of “Does Jane Austen Write Screenplays? Mansfield Park and the Dilemma of Jane Austen in Film,” forthcoming in the Quarterly Review of Film and Video, “Building Consensus: London, the Thames, and Collective Memory in the Novels of William Harrison Ainsworth,” and “Dystopia in Vanity Fair: The Nightmare of Modern London” which appeared in the Literary London Journal in 2006 and 2009, respectively. Her book, The Architectural Novel: How William Ainsworth, Victor Hugo, and Alexandre Dumas Constructed the National Identities of 19th Century England and France is forthcoming from the Sussex Academic Press. |
|
|
This essay argues that Victor Hugo's novel Notre Dame de Paris rescues Gothic buildings that still existed in France from destruction by transforming them into national symbols. Through his novel, he transforms the people who were their greatest threat - from a restive mob into a nation - by inserting them and their ancestors into the narrative of French history. Hugo saw destruction of castles and churches in France in the wake of the Revolution and became convinced that these first and easiest targets of political unrest were also irreplaceable witnesses to important events right up to his own uneasy present. Their disappearance meant the loss of part of the historical record, gaps in collective memory, and the loss of a corresponding part of the national identity. The 1830s, when Notre Dame de Paris was published, political debate turned to how to end the cycle of revolution and restoration in which the French seemed locked. What sort of government was France to have? How was French society to be organised? By whom were such decisions to be made? Hugo's novel answers these questions by turning the attention of a wide readership to a distant, non-controversial past in order to construct an image of France and its people that everyone could endorse, one that combines the best qualities of all people, regardless of faction or ideology. United and possessing political will and real power to effect change, they are the French nation centuries before the idea of nation. The writing and publication of this novel, then, is an act of architectural restoration, recovery of a lost world, and creation of national myth rooted in the "Gothic" past-a literary restoration of the buildings of the ancien régime, even as his it underscores the impossibility and undesirability of the restoration of Bourbon absolutism. Hugo showed post-Revolutionary France how to make sense of their recent past as periodically recurring upheaval in modern guise, not as catastrophe to be explained away or denied. The publication of his novel marks a novelist's insertion of himself into what his contemporaries often saw as an essentially political debate. Hugo presents French identity as a collective project driven by people's intellectual engagement with their culture and with a past they have never really considered their own. By including a mass readership in the process of defining French identity, Hugo's novel could extend Revolution into the realm of civil discourse - and, perhaps, remove it from the streets. © 2012 Project MUSE.
Prashant K Jain, Ghosh, Debraj , Baer, Roi , Rabani, Eran , ו A. Alivisatos, Paul . 2012.
“Near-Field Manipulation Of Spectroscopic Selection Rules On The Nanoscale”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.s.a., 109, Pp. 8016–8019.
תקציר In conventional spectroscopy, transitions between electronic levels are governed by the electric dipole selection rule because electric quadrupole, magnetic dipole, and coupled electric dipole-magnetic dipole transitions are forbidden in a far field. We demonstrated that by using nanostructured electromagnetic fields, the selection rules of absorption spectroscopy could be fundamentally manipulated. We also show that forbidden transitions between discrete quantum levels in a semiconductor nanorod structure are allowed within the near-field of a noble metal nanoparticle. Atomistic simulations analyzed by an effective mass model reveal the breakdown of the dipolar selection rules where quadrupole and octupole transitions are allowed. Our demonstration could be generalized to the use of nanostructured near-fields for enhancing light-matter interactions that are typically weak or forbidden.
Needs of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) must be understood in order to promote recovery. This study examined the needs of 206 individuals with SMI and compared their perceptions with those of their professional caregivers. Needs were reported in the areas of accommodations, psychotic symptoms, daytime activity, intimate relationships, and psychological distress. Caregivers reported more met needs, while individuals themselves reported more unmet needs. Results suggest that in order to promote recovery, services for persons with SMI should be developed in accordance with patients' most prominent needs, specifically in the social and personal areas of intimate and sexual relationships.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders with phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Recent studies have reported rare and de novo mutations in ASD, but the allelic architecture of ASD remains unclear. To assess the role of common and rare variations in ASD, we constructed a gene co-expression network based on a widespread survey of gene expression in the human brain. We identified modules associated with specific cell types and processes. By integrating known rare mutations and the results of an ASD genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified two neuronal modules that are perturbed by both rare and common variations. These modules contain highly connected genes that are involved in synaptic and neuronal plasticity and that are expressed in areas associated with learning and memory and sensory perception. The enrichment of common risk variants was replicated in two additional samples which include both simplex and multiplex families. An analysis of the combined contribution of common variants in the neuronal modules revealed a polygenic component to the risk of ASD. The results of this study point toward contribution of minor and major perturbations in the two sub-networks of neuronal genes to ASD risk.
Guo-Jen Huang, Ben-David, Eyal , Tort Piella, Agnès , Edwards, Andrew , Flint, Jonathan , ו Shifman, Sagiv . 2012.
“Neurogenomic Evidence For A Shared Mechanism Of The Antidepressant Effects Of Exercise And Chronic Fluoxetine In Mice”. Plos One, 7, 4, Pp. e35901. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035901.
תקציר Several different interventions improve depressed mood, including medication and environmental factors such as regular physical exercise. The molecular pathways underlying these effects are still not fully understood. In this study, we sought to identify shared mechanisms underlying antidepressant interventions. We studied three groups of mice: mice treated with a widely used antidepressant drug--fluoxetine, mice engaged in voluntary exercise, and mice living in an enriched environment. The hippocampi of treated mice were investigated at the molecular and cellular levels. Mice treated with fluoxetine and mice who exercised daily showed, not only similar antidepressant behavior, but also similar changes in gene expression and hippocampal neurons. These changes were not observed in mice with environmental enrichment. An increase in neurogenesis and dendritic spine density was observed following four weeks of fluoxetine treatment and voluntary exercise. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed four different modules of co-expressed genes that were correlated with the antidepressant effect. This network analysis enabled us to identify genes involved in the molecular pathways underlying the effects of fluoxetine and exercise. The existence of both neuronal and gene expression changes common to antidepressant drug and exercise suggests a shared mechanism underlying their effect. Further studies of these findings may be used to uncover the molecular mechanisms of depression, and to identify new avenues of therapy.
The endocrine regulation of vertebrate reproduction is achieved by the coordinated actions of several peptide neurohormones, tachykinin among them. To study the evolutionary conservation and physiological functions of neurokinin B (NKB), we identified tachykinin (tac) and tac receptor (NKBR) genes from many fish species, and cloned two cDNA forms from zebrafish. Phylogenetic analysis showed that piscine Tac3s and mammalian neurokinin genes arise from one lineage. High identity was found among different fish species in the region encoding the NKB; all shared the common C-terminal sequence. Although the piscine Tac3 gene encodes for two putative tachykinin peptides, the mammalian ortholog encodes for only one. The second fish putative peptide, referred to as neurokinin F (NKF), is unique and found to be conserved among the fish species when tested in silico. tac3a was expressed asymmetrically in the habenula of embryos, whereas in adults zebrafish tac3a-expressing neurons were localized in specific brain nuclei that are known to be involved in reproduction. Zebrafish tac3a mRNA levels gradually increased during the first few weeks of life and peaked at pubescence. Estrogen treatment of prepubertal fish elicited increases in tac3a, kiss1, kiss2, and kiss1ra expression. The synthetic zebrafish peptides (NKBa, NKBb, and NKF) activated Tac3 receptors via both PKC/Ca(2+) and PKA/cAMP signal-transduction pathways in vitro. Moreover, a single intraperitoneal injection of NKBa and NKF significantly increased leuteinizing hormone levels in mature female zebrafish. These results suggest that the NKB/NKBR system may participate in neuroendocrine control of fish reproduction.
H.S. White, Alex, A.B. , Pollock, A. , Hen, N. , Shekh-Ahmad, T. , Wilcox, K.S. , McDonough, J.H. , Stables, J.P. , Kaufmann, D. , Yagen, B. , ו Bialer, M.. 2012.
“A New Derivative Of Valproic Acid Amide Possesses A Broad-Spectrum Antiseizure Profile And Unique Activity Against Status Epilepticus And Organophosphate Neuronal Damage”. Epilepsia, 53, 1, Pp. 134-146. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03338.x.
Publisher's Version The NMR chromatog. method is applied to a class of mols. with similar phys. properties. We correlate the sepn. ability of microemulsions to the phys. properties of the analyzed mols. Flavor and aroma compds. are very widespread. Compositional anal. is in many cases tedious. Any new method of anal. is always useful and challenging. Here we show a new application to a class of fragrance mols., with only a moderate variation in their chem. and phys. characteristics. Up to 11 selected compds. in one mixt. are resolved in one spectrum by NMR chromatog., despite the similarity of the compds. The differences between O/W and W/O microemulsions and their resoln. mechanism as applied to fragrance mols. are explained in terms of hydrophilicity and lipophilicity and effective crit. packing parameters of the microemulsions. The obsd. diffusion rates are shown to correlate with solvation parameters. These results can be used to est. the diffusion rates of mols. to be sepd., allowing selection of the microemulsion or NMR chromatog. solvent appropriate for each specific application. [on SciFinder(R)]
This paper is an attempt to understand the construction and redac- tion of this tractate through the study of these dialogue-stories and their context.6 It will demonstrate sensitivity to genre and aesthetics in explor- ing questions of higher criticism. Additionally, I explicate the role of the dialogues as a stylistic and rhetorical device in the shaping of tractate Avodah Zarah. This will be a three-fold process. First, I read the dia- logues as “stories.”7 Next, I examine them in light of the collections of mishnayot into which they are embedded. Finally, I present a reevalua- tion of the place of these dialogues in the overall textual structure of the tractate.
