Adsorption and redn. of interfacial tension caused by adsorption of nonionic ethoxylated nonyl phenols were studied in emulsion. A method for estg. adsorption and interfacial tension in emulsion was developed. There is no correlation between values of interfacial tension as measured in emulsified and sepd. and sepd. oil-water systems. Yet, there seems to be a significant correlation between adsorption values as measured in emulsified and sepd. oil-water systems. The values of max. adsorption of the emulsifiers as measured in the sepd. oil-water system correlate linearly with HLB values of these emulsifiers. Such correlation may indicate possible dependence of HLB values on emulsifier adsorption to the interface. [on SciFinder(R)]
The invasions of tissues by pathogenic microorganisms is followed by a sequence of events which culminate in phagocytosis and the intracellular killing of the ingested agents, by “professional” phagocytes [19]. It is also expected that the rich arsenal of hydrolases present in neutrophils and macrophages, including the muralytic enzyme lysozyme is adequate to degrade the complex architecture of the bacterial cells. Surprisingly, however, most pathogenic bacteria are extremely resistant to lysozyme action [14,21] and the fate of phagocytosed bacteria in vivo is not fully known [7,8,16,23]. The sequelae of the lack of bacterial degradation by leukocytes may be the “storage” of peptidoglycan-polysaccharide or peptidoglycan-lipopolysaccharide complexes within macrophages leading to the generation of granulomas and to the initiation of prolonged immune responses. This is pivotal to the initiation of immunopathological reactions [7, 8, 16, 23]. We have recently proposed [10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 29] that the biodegradation of certain microorganisms can be mediated through the activation, by cationic agents and phospholipases, of the bacterial own autolytic wall enzymes (suicidal phenomenon) which leads to the breakdown of the rigid cell walls. On the other hand, a variety of sulfonated anionic polyelectrolytes [11–13, 15] likely to be present in inflamed issues, may inhibit the biodegradation of the walls by the autolytic enzymes.
High concentrations of phosphate, oxalate, and calcium ions in urine may cause formation of mineral deposits, i.e., urolithiasis. This is prevented in healthy individuals by substances present in trace quantities. However, there is no recognizable difference between normals and stone formers in urinary substance content. The enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase produce glutamic acid which retards calcium oxalate crystallization. The combined transaminase activity in 70 stone former urine samples was 12.2 +/- 4.1 IU and 31.9 +/- 10.7 IU for 47 normal controls. Incubation of stone former urine with glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase improved overall inhibitory potential, raised glutamic acid levels, and decreased aspartic acid concentrations. Correlation was established between the success of therapeutic treatment and the improvement of enzyme activity. The relative content of glutamic acid is low stone former urines and high in active inhibitory fractions of urinary materials. It is suggested that part of the mechanisms of prevention of stone formation is subjected to biological control.[on SciFinder (R)]
Bromination, chlorination and hydroxylation of the double bond in polyethylene glycol oleates and oleyl ethers and polyglycerol oleates were carried out. The products had higher sp. gr. and therefore can be used as weighting agents. Surface properties and the ability to emulsify water and oils did not change significantly. Phys. (sp. gr., viscosity, and refractive index) and surface properties (such as redn. of surface tension of water, crit. micelle concn. (CMC), area per mol. at the liq./air interface, efficiency and effectiveness were measured and compared to the corresponding unsatd. surfactants. The incorporated dibromo, dichloro, or dihydroxy groups diminish some of the surface properties of the surfactant, e.g. higher surface tension, higher CMC value, higher area per mol., and lower efficiency and effectiveness in comparison to the related unsatd. surfactants. This study confirmed early findings suggesting that oleyl ethoxylated surfactants behaved abnormally when compared to straight chain ethoxylated alcs. or acids or polyglycerol esters and that any derivatization in the hydrophobic chain would significantly alter surface properties. [on SciFinder(R)]
