Alcs. and polyols are essential components (in addn. to the surfactant, H2O, and oil) in the formation of U-type self-assembled nano-structures, (sometimes called L-phases or U-type microemulsions). These microemulsions are characterized by large isotropic regions ranging from the oil side of the phase diagram up to the aq. corner. The isotropic oily solns. of reverse micelles (the concs.) can be dild. along some diln. lines with aq. phase to the direct micelles corner via a bicontinuous mesophases (i.e., 2 structural transitions). This diln. takes place with no phase sepns. or occurrence of liq. cryst. phases. The structural transitions were detd. by viscosity, cond., and pulsed gradient spin echo NMR (PGSE NMR), and are not visible to the eye. Two guest nutraceutical mols. (lutein and phytosterols) were solubilized, at their max. solubilization capacity, in the reversed micellar solns. (L2 phase) and were further dild. with the aq. phase to the aq. micellar corner (L1 phase). Structural transitions (for the 2 types of mol.) from H2O-in-oil to bicontinuous microstructures were induced by the guest mols. The transitions occurred at an earlier stage of diln., at a lower H2O content (20% aq. phase), than in the empty (blank) microemulsions (transitions at 30% aq. phase). The transitions from the bicontinuous microstructure to the oil-in-H2O microemulsions were retarded by the solubilizates and occurred at later diln. stage at higher aq. phase contents (50% aq. region for empty microemulsion and \textgreater60% for solubilized microemulsion). As a result, the bicontinuous isotropic region, in the presence of the guest mols., becomes much broader. It seems that the main reason for such guest-induced structural transitions is related to a significant flattening and enhanced rigidity of the interface. The guest mols. of the high mol. vol. are occupying high vol. fraction of the interface (when the solubilization is maximal). [on SciFinder(R)]
Amaranth, soybean and maize were screened for proteins and their nutritional value. Isopropanol-soluble protein and buffer-soluble protein fractions were extracted from seeds and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The comparison of the identity and differences between investigated plants was carried out by the obtained SDS-PAGE electrophoretic patterns, and their microstructure was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Electrophoretic patterns of extracted proteins have shown that the main protein subunits were concentrated between 10 and 50 kDa. Variations were found in major fractions and minor bands as well as in the fine structure. The microstructure of pseudocereal and cereal protein fractions was inter-related with the results obtained by their electrophoretic separation. Pseudocereal amaranth can be used as a nutritive substitute of cereal maize in functional foods.
It has been reported that intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) impairs spatial memory by disrupting glucose utilization through an insulin-dependent mechanism in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. However, evidence of septal damage and microglosis induced by icv STZ suggested that its neurotoxic effects could contribute to the memory impairment. The present study examined the histopathological changes in adult rats following three icv STZ injections (0.25 mg into each lateral ventricle) and their effects on spatial memory in a Morris water maze task. STZ retarded acquisition of reference learning (progressive reduction in escape latency) and disrupted working memory (difference in escape latency between the two swims within a daily session). STZ caused selective injury to myelin and axons in the fornix and hippocampus in association with activation of microglia. The 3rd ventricle was enlarged by 100-150% because of a loss of ependymal cells and damage to hypothalamic periventricular myelin but the process involved in these changes is unclear. Our findings provide an alternative explanation for the decrease in glucose utilization in the hippocampus and cortex and the impairment of spatial memory induced by STZ. These could result from a disruption of the communication through myelinated axons in the fornix connecting the septum and the hippocampus, and through other myelinated axons adjacent to the ventricles. The selective damage to myelin may well result from oxidative stress.
A review. In this chapter some problems connected with the utilization of subzero temp. differential scanning calorimetry (SZT-DSC) are discussed. Among them are the detn. of hydration nos. of surfactants and org. compds., the detn. of the hydration shell thickness, the effect of alc. on the distribution of water between free and bound states in nonionic surfactant-based systems, and some considerations regarding the problem of phase sepn. of such systems in subzero temps. The significance of SZT-DSC for some novel applications is also discussed. [on SciFinder(R)]
Disclosed are compns. for dispersion of a fat-sol. vitamin to give a clear, stable soln. of the vitamin, the compns. comprising the vitamin, an alc., a surfactant, and water. Also disclosed are dried powder compns. comprising a fat-sol. vitamin which upon mixing with an aq. soln. form an isotropic transparent soln., said compns. comprising the vitamin, an oil, a surfactant, and a sugar alc. [on SciFinder(R)]
Avihu Zakai. 2003. “John Calvin”. בתוך Encyclopedia Of Community: From The Village To The Virtual World, 1:Pp. 113-115. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Winner of The Polonsky Prize for Creativity and Originality in the Humanistic Disciplines, The Hebrew University, 2004
Avihu Zakai analyzes Jonathan Edwards's redemptive mode of historical thought in the context of the Enlightenment. As theologian and philosopher, Edwards has long been a towering figure in American intellectual history. Nevertheless, and despite Edwards's intense engagement with the nature of time and the meaning of history, there has been no serious attempt to explore his philosophy of history. Offering the first such exploration, Zakai considers Edwards's historical thought as a reaction, in part, to the varieties of Enlightenment historical narratives and their growing disregard for theistic considerations.
Zakai analyzes the ideological origins of Edwards's insistence that the process of history depends solely on God's redemptive activity in time as manifested in a series of revivals throughout history, reading this doctrine as an answer to the threat posed to the Christian theological teleology of history by the early modern emergence of a secular conception of history and the modern legitimation of historical time. In response to the Enlightenment refashioning of secular, historical time and its growing emphasis on human agency, Edwards strove to re-establish God's preeminence within the order of time. Against the de-Christianization of history and removal of divine power from the historical process, he sought to re-enthrone God as the author and lord of history--and thus to re-enchant the historical world.
Placing Edwards's historical thought in its broadest context, this book will be welcomed by those who study early modern history, American history, or religious culture and experience in America.
In the following pages, I wish to present some preliminary reflections and some relevant documentation, upon attempting to understand the grammatical phenomenology of cohesion or linkage. This, I believe, is of the most fascinating, perhaps the most fascinating topic of syntax, for here is something close to the very quintessence of textuality — hence, of grammaticality itself, bearing in mind Louis Hjelmslev’s opening words in his Prolegomena: “The object of interest for linguistic science are texts” (not “languages” or “a language” — which is only a seeming paradox). My corpus for the following observations is triple: some of Kate Roberts’s short stories, and two novels (I am engaged in work on a comprehensive syntax of the corpus of K.R.’s fiction, on the basis of her editions and MSS, for which a pilot work, incorporating three monographic studies, appeared in 1998. The present paper may be seen as a cluster of preliminary work-notes to a chapter on juncture and textuality within this projected work. A second source is John Emyr’s collection of short stories, Mynydd Gwaith a storiau eraill (Denbych, 1984). A third source are some numbers of the defunct weekly magazine Y Faner.
A committee is a collection of members, where every member has a linear ordering on the alternatives of a finite ground set X. The committee chooses between pairs of alternatives drawn from X by a simple majority vote. The committee's choices induce a preference relation on X. In this paper, we study the possibility of learning preference relations of small committees from examples. We prove that it is impossible to precisely learn the preference relation of a committee before seeing all its choices, even if a teacher guides the learner through the learning process. We also prove that a learner can approximately learn the preference relation of a committee from a relatively few random examples.
