פרסומים

Semitic templates systematically encode two dimensions of verb meaning: (a) agency, the thematic role of the verb's external argument, and (b) voice. The assumption that this form-meaning correspondence is mediated by syntax allows the parallel compositional construction of the form and the meaning of a verb from the forms and the meanings of its root and template. The root and its arguments are optionally embedded under a light verb v which introduces the agent (Hale and Keyser 1993; Kratzer 1994). But this is only the unmarked case, which, in Semitic, is encoded by the simple templates. Two dimensions of markedness are introduced by two additional types of syntactic heads: (a) agency heads, which modify agency and are morphologically realized as the intensive and causative templates, and (b) voice heads, which modify voice and are morphologically realized as the passive and middle templates. Causative and middle morphemes are thus accounted for within a unified system, which, first, explains their affinity in language in general (both are found crosslinguistically as markers of transitivity alternations), and which, moreover, sheds new light on problems in the interface of semantics and morphology. One problem is the impossibility, mostly ignored in linguistic theory, of deriving the semantics of middle verbs from that of the corresponding transitive verbs. The second is explaining the identity found crosslinguistically between middle and reflexive morphology. The third is determining the grammatical function of the causee in causative constructions.

Gennaro Chierchia's (1998) neo-Carlsonian account of reference to kinds via nominalization type-shift from properties to kinds, which applies to mass & plural properties exclusively, is upheld despite evidence of bare singular reference to kinds in Hebrew & Brazilian Portuguese, both of which have definite articles & plural inflection of nouns. Languages that admit bare singular nouns in addition to nouns with definite determiners are shown to use incorporation to obtain existential interpretations of bare nouns; reference to kinds requires a noun to be either plural or the subject of a categorical judgment, in which case it is interpreted as definite. Whereas definiteness requires morphological marking in Hungarian & Arabic, which allow bare singulars as indefinites, morphological definiteness marking is not required for subjects of categorical judgments in Hebrew & Brazilian Portuguese; bare singulars referring to kinds are also held to have definite interpretations in Hindi & Russian, which lack morphological definiteness marking. References. J. Hitchcock

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for social phobia is an effective treatment for many patients, but some patients do not benefit from the treatments and many remain symptomatic. Therefore, researchers have been examining techniques that may improve treatment outcome. In this paper, recent psychopathology and treatment outcome research, much of which supports the expectation that a second-generation CBT treatment may further improve outcome, are discussed. Finally, the authors present a number of CBT techniques that are tailored for the individual treatment of patients with social phobia. These methods, based on comprehensive CBT developed by Foa et al. and on cognitive therapy for social phobia developed by Clark et al. include developing an idiographic model for the patient, conducting safety behaviors experiments, providing video feedback after cognitive preparation, developing a hierarchy, conducting in vivo exposures and other behavioral experiments, imaginal exposure, social

The artificial sweetener, aspartame, is a dipeptide, consisting of a hydrophobic phenylalanine methyl ester entity and a hydrophilic aspartyl residue. In this work, its solubilization in five different types of water in oil (w/o) microemulsions (MEs) was investigated. The stabilizing surfactants and cosurfactants of the MEs were ME1, sodium di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (ACT) and no cosurfactant; ME2, maleic anhydride alpha-olefin copolymer and dimethyl amino ethanol; ME 3, sucrose ester monostearate and n-butanol; ME 4, L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine and n-butanol; and ME 5, mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids and L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine. The maximum amount that could be dissolved (boundary concentration) was determined by adding powdered aspartame to a heated ME and cooling to a specified temperature under controlled conditions. The solutions that remained clear for at least 4 days were regarded as stable, and those of the stable solutions with the highest aspartame concentrations were taken as having the boundary concentrations. From the solubility data, the distribution of the aspartame molecules between the w/o interface and the water pools was calculated, and the results were correlated with the molecular structure and ionic state of the surfactant. The results show that aspartame can be solubilized in all the investigated MEs to an extent, exceeding by far its solubility in pure water, and that overall solubilization is most efficient in water/isooctane MEs stabilized with ACT (ME1). While the aspartame solubility in the water pools was comparable in all the investigated MEs, the aspartame/surfactant molar ratio at the w/o interface was found to decrease with decreasing polarity of the stabilizing surfactant at the interface. In addition to the solubilization studies, the effect of aspartame on some properties of ME1 was investigated. It was found that aspartame lowers the interfacial tension at the water/isooctane/AOT interface and, under certain conditions, stabilizes unstable mixtures of water, isooctane, and ACT. The results of small-angle X-ray scattering measurements show that the ME droplet sizes increase in the presence of aspartame molecules and their shapes change from near spherical to ellipsoidal. It was concluded that aspartame acts as a cosurfactant in water/isooctane MEs stabilized with ACT.

To model the possible formation of coupled spatial corrugations and charge density modulations in lamellar DNA-lipid complexes, we use a free energy functional which includes the electrostatic, lipid mixing, and elastic degrees of freedom in a self-consistent manner. We find that the balance of forces favors membrane corrugations that are expected to be stable with respect to thermal membrane undulations for a certain range of lipid (charged and uncharged) composition. This may lead to locking between DNA strands in adjacent galleries of the complex. Furthermore, the possibility of membrane corrugations renders the lamellar complex more stable with respect to another, hexagonal, DNA-lipid phase.

The papers published in this volume were presented at the Fifth Orion International Symposium (Jerusalem, 2000), which focused on prayer and poetry in light of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The volume examines the recently published poetical and liturgical texts from Qumran against the background of Second Temple Judaism, its biblical antecedents, and later rabbinic developments.

The essays treat a variety of prayers and religious practices, as well as major issues in the history of Jewish liturgy. Topics range from magic, mysticism and thanksgiving to lamentation, fast day rituals, communal worship, and the relationship between the prayers from Qumran and the traditional Jewish prayers. The application of new Scrolls material to this breadth of topics constitutes an important contribution to the study of religious poetry, religious practice, and liturgy.