פרסומים

Language: Russian

Memoirs of the prominent historian, publicist and public figure Semion Markovich Dubnov (1860-1941) constitute an encyclopedia of Jewish life in Russia.

Simon Dubnov constructed his memoirs from the diaries that he kept throughout his life; these reflect the rich panorama of events from the second half of nineteenth century into the early decades of the twentieth century. Dubnow was an active participant, and a witness, to the crucial events of the era, such as the decline of the Jewish enlightenment in Eastern Europe, the emergence and development of Zionism and other political movements, the 1905 and 1917 revolutions and the Russian Civil War. Dubnov lived and worked in centers of Jewish life like Odessa, Vilna and St. Petersburg during years of dramatic changes in the life of the Jewish people. He included in this memoir vivid portrayals of his friends and colleagues, among them writers like Sholem Aleichem, Bialik, Frug, Leskov, Volyn, as well as public figures like Vinaver, Gruzenberg, Landau, Sliozberg and many others.

The first two parts of the memoir deal with scientific, social and political life of Russia and Russian Jewry. The third part provides insight into the life of ​​Russian-Jewish immigrants in Europe, where Dubnov resided from 1922-1933. This new edition of Dubnov's memoir not only contains a new preface, but significantly supplemented and revised biographical and bibliographical commentaries.

Why do brokers charge per-share commissions to institutional traders? What determines the commission charge? We examine commissions and order flow for a sample of institutional orders and find that most per-share commissions are concentrated at only a few price points, primarily 5 and 6 cents per share. Further, we find that the prior-period commission, rather than execution costs, is the strongest determinant of next period's commission. These results are inconsistent with negotiation of commissions on an order-by-order basis or with the impression of a continuous transaction cost that is deduced from the distribution of percentage commissions, suggesting that commissions are not a marginal cost of execution. We also find that institutional clients concentrate their order flow with a small set of brokers, and that small institutions concentrate more than large institutions. Collectively, our results suggest that brokers and their institutional clients enter into long-term agreements where the per-share commission is constant, and the order flow routed to a particular broker is used to maintain the required payment for an institution's desired level of service. Commissions, therefore, constitute a convenient way of charging a predetermined fixed fee for broker services.

The effect of including vs. excluding diffuse functions while calculating numerous parameters of PAH anions by various calculation methods is discussed. The omission of diffuse functions. appears to have a negligible effect while calculating geometry parameters or total energy; thus, acceptable results may be obtained without them. The conclusions for charge density appear to be the same; however, limited results make an unambiguous claim unachievable. Calculating H-1- and C-13-NMR shifts undoubtedly requires the use of these functions.

Delamination of premigratory neural crest cells depends on a balance between BMP/noggin and on successful G1/S transition. Here, we report that BMP regulates G1/S transition and consequent crest delamination through canonical Wnt signaling. Noggin overexpression inhibits G1/S transition and blocking G1/S abrogates BMP-induced delamination; moreover, transcription of Wnt1 is stimulated by BMP and by the developing somites, which concomitantly inhibit noggin production. Interfering with β-catenin and LEF/TCF inhibits G1/S transition, neural crest delamination and transcription of various BMP-dependent genes, which include Cad6B, Pax3 and Msx1, but not that of Slug, Sox9 or FoxD3. Hence, we propose that developing somites inhibit noggin transcription in the dorsal tube, resulting in activation of BMP and consequent Wnt1 production. Canonical Wnt signaling in turn stimulates G1/S transition and generation of neural crest cell motility independently of its proposed role in earlier neural crest specification.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of over 20 zinc-dependent enzymes that hydrolyze connective tissue and are involved in a variety of diseases, which are associated with undesired tissue breakdown. This paper reports the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of a novel class of MMP inhibitors based on the carbamoylphosphonic acid function. We report a series of 10 open chain N-alkylcarbamoylphosphonic acids (ranging from R = C(1) to C(6) groups), eight N-cycloalkylcarbamoylphosphonic acids (ranging from cyclopropyl to cyclooctyl rings), and four N,N-dialkylcarbamoylphosphonic acids. The compounds were evaluated in three in vitro models, which consisted of (a) the in vitro invasion across a reconstituted basement membrane, (b) determination of the IC(50) values on recombinant MMP-1, MMP-2 MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-9 enzymes, and (c) an in vitro capillary formation model, which is a model of angiogenesis. Several of the compounds were also tested in an in vivo murine melanoma model. The following general conclusions have been reached: Most compounds show selectivity for MMP-2 over the other MMP subtypes examined. Cycloalkylcarbamoylphosphonic acids are more potent than comparable open-chain alkyl compounds. Optimal activity against MMP-2 among the cycloalkyl derivatives was shown by N-cyclopentylcarbamoylphosphonic acid (3m). N,N-Dialkylcarbamoylphosphonic acids that were examined showed weak or no activity. The compounds examined showed toxic effects neither in vitro nor in vivo in the concentrations used. Carbamoylphosphonic acids are water soluble at physiological pH and are stable indefinitely.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) controls cell growth and has a key role in tumorigenic processes. The extent of EGFR signaling is tightly regulated by post-transcriptional modifications leading to down-regulation of the levels of the receptor. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the reactive oxidant hydrogen peroxide activates the EGFR, yet, without down-regulation of the receptor levels, which results in prolonged receptor signaling. In the present study we examined the role of the E3 ligase c-Cbl, as a possible link between oxidative stress, EGFR signaling, and tumorigenic responses. First, we ectopically expressed a mutant EGFR (Tyr-1045 --> Phe) in cells lacking endogenous receptor, to determine whether the lack of phosphorylation at this site is the cause for EGFR retention at the membrane under oxidative stress, as we have previously suggested. Our findings suggest that abrogation of tyrosine 1045 phosphorylation alone is not enough to retain the EGFR at the plasma membrane under oxidative stress. Second, through the use of the Src inhibitor PP1, our findings establish EGFR movement out of the early endosomes as the exact location where c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitinylation is essential for EGFR trafficking. Finally, our studies substantiate the findings that c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitinylation is needed for degradation, but not for internalization of the EGFR in both transfection-dependent Chinese hamster ovary cells and transfection-independent A549 lung epithelial cells. These findings only begin to explain the features seen under oxidative stress, but they yield a greater understanding of the role of c-Cbl in EGFR trafficking.

There is growing interest in how much a political candidates' media skills, sometimes referred to as 'charisma', are critical to their electoral success and political survival. According to one hypothesis, the effects of media skills might be so strong, that actors who do not posses media skills quickly vanish from the political arena. However, while many believe that media skills are an important aspect of getting elected, few have actually tried to measure their effects. Part of the reluctance no doubt stems from methodological difficulties in measuring them. In this study we look more directly at the media skills that are likely to play an important role in the electoral competition and suggest a new methodology for measuring such skills. Findings are presented that show that media skills can have an important impact on long-term electoral success of Israeli members of the Knesset. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an evaluation study of two workshops for elementary school teachers aimed at improving their skills for coping with the behavior problems in children. The ability to hold these children helps to prevent them from dropping out of school and avoids their referral to special education programs. The workshops integrated two intervention strategies: (1) Behavior modification skills and (2) Experiential work on the feelings that the misbehaved child evokes in teachers. We hypothesized that the workshops would improve teachers’ skills for coping with the children who misbehave. We obtained evaluations of the first workshop from 17 elementary school teachers from one school who participated in the intervention. Evaluations of the second workshop were obtained from 57 teachers from different schools (25 took part in the intervention and 32 belonged to a control group). The hypothesis was fully supported by the results, both in terms of subjective and objective measures. Specifically, for the first workshop, the participants’ evaluation of the contribution of the workshop to their level of skills and their ability to cope with misbehaved children was higher in the follow-up than at the end of the workshop. In the second workshop, evaluations of the teachers’ skills and their ability to cope with children who misbehave were higher in the post stage, both relatively to the pre stage of the workshop, and to a control group. Evaluation of emotional variables during the second workshop, however, showed no significant change. The discussion of the results addresses the findings of evaluation studies as well as theories and findings regarding the antecedents and the consequences of children's misbehavior.

The extended Chinese postman (CP) enterprize is induced by a connected and undirected graph G. A server is located at some fixed vertex of G, to be referred to as the post office. Each player resides in a single edge, and each edge contains at most one player. Thus, some of the edges can be public . Each edge has a cost and a prize attached to it. The players need some service, e.g., mail delivery, which requires the server to travel from the post office and visit all edges wherein players reside, before returning to the post office. The server collects the prize attached to an edge upon the first traversal of this edge, but the cost of an edge is incurred every time it is traversed. The cost of a cheapest tour for each coalition defines a CP cost game. The issue is how to allocate, among the players, the cost that the server incurs. We study the class of extended CP enterprizes which are induced by Eulerian graphs satisfying two properties: The 4-cut property (Definition 4.4) and completeness (Definition 4.8). For this class we prove that the core, resp., the nucleolus when the core is not empty, are Cartesian products of the cores, resp., nucleoli of CP enterprizes whose graphs are simple cycles generated from G by identifying therein the end points of each elementary path (Definition 4.3). Finally, for the class of extended complete Eulerian graphs having the 4-cut property, we are able to test core membership in O(n) time, and when the core is not empty, we show how to calculate the nucleolus in O(n^2) time, n being the number of players.